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Chris Lamprecht (aka "Minor Threat") turns into the first individual banned from accessing the Internet by a US District Court decide in Texas Thousands in Minneapolis-St. Paul (USA) lose Net access after transients start a bonfire beneath a bridge on the Univ of MN causing fiber-optic cables to melt (30 July) Numerous Net associated companies go public, with Netscape main the pack with the 3rd largest ever NASDAQ IPO share worth (9 August) Registration of domain names is now not free. Beginning 14 September, a $50 annual payment has been imposed, which up until now was subsidized by NSF. NSF continues to pay for .edu registration, and on an interim foundation for .gov The Vatican comes on-line (http://www.vatican.va/) The Canadian Government comes on-line (http://canada.gc.ca/) The first official Internet wiretap was successful in helping the key Service and Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) apprehend three people who had been illegally manufacturing and promoting cellphone cloning equipment and electronic gadgets Operation Home Front connects, for the primary time, soldiers in the sphere with their households again home via the Internet. Richard White turns into the primary person to be declared a munition, under the USA's arms export management legal guidelines, due to an RSA file security encryption program tattooed on his arm (:wired496:) RFC 1882: The 12-Days of Technology Before Christmas Country domains registered: Ethiopia (ET), Cote d'Ivoire (CI), Cook Islands (CK) Cayman Islands (KY), Anguilla (AI), Gibraltar (GI), Vatican (VA), Kiribati (KI), Kyrgyzstan (KG), Madagascar (MG), Mauritius (MU), Micronesia (FM), Monaco (MC), Mongolia (MN), Nepal (NP), Nigeria (NG), Western Samoa (WS), San Marino (SM), Tanzania (TZ), Tonga (TO), Uganda (UG), Vanuatu (VU) Top 10 Domains by Host #: com, edu, net, gov, mil, org, de, uk, ca, au Technologies of the Year: WWW, Search engines Emerging Technologies: Mobile code (JAVA, JAVAscript), Virtual environments (VRML), Collaborative instruments Hacks of the Year: The Spot (Jun 12), Hackers Movie Page (12 Aug) 1996 Internet phones be a magnet for US telecommunication companies who ask the US Congress to ban the technology (which has been round for years) Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad, PLO Leader Yasser Arafat, and Phillipine President Fidel Ramos meet for ten minutes in an online interactive chat session on 17 January. The controversial US Communications Decency Act (CDA) turns into legislation within the US with the intention to prohibit distribution of indecent materials over the web. Just a few months later a three-decide panel imposes an injunction towards its enforcement. Supreme Court unanimously guidelines most of it unconstitutional in 1997. BackRub, Google's precursor, comes online 9,272 organizations discover themselves unlisted after the InterNIC drops their identify service as a result of not having paid their domain title fee Various ISPs suffer extended service outages, bringing into question whether they may be capable to handle the rising number of customers. AOL (19 hours), Netcom (thirteen hours), AT&T WorldNet (28 hours - electronic mail only) Domain title tv.com offered to CNET for US$15,000 New York's Public Access Networks Corp (PANIX) is shut down after repeated SYN assaults by a cracker using strategies outlined in a hacker journal (2600) MCI upgrades Internet spine adding ~13,000 ports, bringing the effective speed from 155Mbps to 622Mbps. The Internet Ad Hoc Committee broadcasts plans so as to add 7 new generic Top Level Domains (gTLD): .firm, .store, .internet, .arts, .rec, .info, .nom. The IAHC plan additionally calls for a competing group of area registrars worldwide. A malicious cancelbot is launched on USENET wiping out more than 25,000 messages The WWW browser battle, fought primarily between Netscape and Microsoft, has rushed in a new age in software growth, whereby new releases are made quarterly with the assistance of Internet users keen to check upcoming (beta) versions. Internet2 challenge is kicked off by representatives from 34 universities on 1 Oct (:msb:) RFC 1925: The Twelve Networking Truths Restrictions on Internet use around the world: China: requires customers and ISPs to register with the police Germany: cuts off entry to some newsgroups carried on CompuServe Saudi Arabia: confines Internet access to universities and hospitals Singapore: requires political and religious content suppliers to register with the state New Zealand: classifies laptop disks as "publications" that may be censored and seized supply: Human Rights Watch Country domains registered: Qatar (QA), Central African Republic (CF), Oman (OM), Norfolk Island (NF), Tuvalu (Tv), French Polynesia (PF), Syria (SY), Aruba (AW), Cambodia (KH), French Guiana (GF), Eritrea (ER), Cape Verde (CV), Burundi (BI), Benin (BJ) Bosnia-Herzegovina (BA), Andorra (Ad), Guadeloupe (GP), Guernsey (GG), Isle of Man (IM), Jersey (JE), Lao (LA), Maldives (MV), Marshall Islands (MH), Mauritania (MR), Northern Mariana Islands (MP), Rwanda (RW), Togo (TG), Yemen (YE), Zaire (ZR) Top 10 Domains by Host #: com, edu, internet, uk, de, jp, us, mil, ca, au Hacks of the Year: US Dept of Justice (17 Aug), CIA (19 Sep), Air Force (29 Dec), UK Labour Party (6 Dec), NASA DDCSOL - USAFE - US Air Force (30 Dec) Technologies of the Year: Search engines, JAVA, Internet Phone Emerging Technologies: Virtual environments (VRML), Collaborative instruments, Internet equipment (Network Computer) 1997 2000th RFC: "Internet Official Protocol Standards" 71,618 mailing lists registered at Liszt, a mailing record directory The American Registry for Internet Numbers (ARIN) is established to handle administration and registration of IP numbers to the geographical areas at the moment handled by Network Solutions (InterNIC), starting March 1998. CA*web II launched in June to offer Canada's next era Internet using ATM/SONET In protest of the DNS monopoly, AlterNIC's owner, Eugene Kashpureff, hacks DNS so users going to www.internic.internet end up at www.alternic.net Domain name enterprise.com bought for US$150,000 Early in the morning of 17 July, human error at Network Solutions causes the DNS desk for .com and .internet domains to turn into corrupted, making hundreds of thousands of programs unreachable. Longest hostname registered with InterNIC: CHALLENGER.MED.SYNAPSE.UAH.UALBERTA.CA 101,803 Name Servers in whois database RFC 2100: The Naming of Hosts Country domains registered: Falkland Islands (FK), East Timor (TP), R of Congo (CG), Christmas Island (CX), Gambia (GM), Guinea-Bissau (GW), Haiti (HT), Iraq (IQ), Libya (LY), Malawi (MW), Martinique (MQ), Montserrat (MS), Myanmar (MM), French Reunion Island (RE), Seychelles (SC), Sierra Leone (SL), Somalia (SO), Sudan (SD), Tajikistan (TJ), Turkmenistan (TM), Turks and Caicos Islands (TC), British Virgin Islands (VG), Heard and McDonald Islands (HM), French Southern Territories (TF), British Indian Ocean Territory (IO), Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands (SJ), St Pierre and Miquelon (PM), St Helena (SH), South Georgia/Sandwich Islands (GS), Sao Tome and Principe (ST), Ascension Island (AC), US Minor Outlying Islands (UM), Mayotte (YT), Wallis and Futuna Islands (WF), Tokelau Islands (TK), Chad Republic (TD), Afghanistan (AF), Cocos Island (CC), Bouvet Island (BV), Liberia (LR), American Samoa (AS), Niue (NU), Equatorial New Guinea (GQ), Bhutan (BT), Pitcairn Island (PN), Palau (PW), DR of Congo (CD) Top 10 Domains by Host #: com, edu, net, jp, uk, de, us, au, ca, mil Hacks of the Year: Indonesian Govt (19 Jan, 10 Feb, 24 Apr, 30 Jun, 22 Nov), NASA (5 Mar), UK Conservative Party (27 Apr), Spice Girls (14 Nov) Technologies of the Year: Push, Multicasting Emerging Technologies: Push 1998 Hobbes' Internet Timeline is released as RFC 2235 & FYI 32 US Depart of Commerce (DoC) releases the Green Paper outlining its plan to privatize DNS on 30 January. This is adopted up by a White Paper on June 5 La Fête de l'Internet, a rustic-large Internet fest, is held in France 20-21 March Web dimension estimates range between 275 (Digital) and 320 (NEC) million pages for 1Q Companies flock to the Turkmenistan NIC with a purpose to register their title beneath the .tm area, the English abbreviation for trademark Internet users get to be judges in a efficiency by 12 world champion ice skaters on 27 March, marking the first time a tv sport present's final result is decided by its viewers. Network Solutions registers its 2 millionth area on 4 May Electronic postal stamps grow to be a actuality, with the US Postal Service permitting stamps to be purchased and downloaded for printing from the net. Canada kicks off CA*internet 3, the primary national optical web CDA II and a ban on Net taxes are signed into US law (21 October) ABCNews.com by chance posts test US election returns at some point early (2 November) Indian ISP market is deregulated in November inflicting a rush for ISP operation licenses US DoC enters into an agreement with the Internet Corporation for Assigned Numbers (ICANN) to ascertain a course of for transitioning DNS from US Government management to trade (25 November) San Francisco websites without off-city mirrors go offline as town blacks out on eight December Chinese government places Lin Hai on trial for "inciting the overthrow of state energy" for providing 30,000 e-mail addresses to a US Internet magazine (December) [ He is later sentenced to 2 years in jail ] French Internet users quit their access on 13 December to boycott France Telecom's native telephone expenses (that are in addition to the ISP cost) US$1M+ Domain Sales: Altavista.com (3.3M) to Compaq Open source software program comes of age RFC 2321: RITA -- The Reliable Internetwork Troubleshooting Agent RFC 2322: Management of IP numbers by peg-dhcp RFC 2323: IETF Identification and Security Guidelines RFC 2324: Hyper Text Coffee Pot Control Protocol (HTCPCP/1.0) Country domains registered: Nauru (NR), Comoros (KM) Bandwidth Generators: Winter Olympics (Feb), World Cup (Jun-Jul), Starr Report (eleven Sep), Glenn area launch Top 10 Domains by Host #: com, web, edu, mil, jp, us, uk ,de, ca, au Hacks of the Year: US Dept of Commerce (20 Feb), New York Times (13 Sep), China Society for Human Rights Studies (26 Oct), UNICEF (7 Jan) Technologies of the Year: E-Commerce, E-Auctions, Portals Emerging Technologies: E-Trade, XML, Intrusion Detection 1999 Internet access turns into obtainable to the Saudi Arabian (.sa) public in January vBNS units up an OC48 hyperlink between CalREN South and North utilizing Juniper M40 routers IBM turns into the first Corporate accomplice to be authorized for Internet2 access European Parliament proposes banning the caching of Web pages by ISPs The Internet Fiesta kicks off in March across Europe, building on the success of La Fête de l'Internet held in 1998 US State Court guidelines that domains are property that could be garnished MCI/Worldcom, the vBNS provider for NSF, begins upgrading the US backbone to 2.5Gbps A cast Web page made to appear like a Bloomberg financial news story raised shares of a small expertise firm by 31% on 7 April. ICANN proclaims the five testbed registrars for the competitive Shared Registry System on 21 April: AOL, CORE, France Telecom/Oléane, Melbourne IT, Register.com. 29 additional put up-testbed registrars are additionally chosen on 21 April, adopted by eight on 25 May, 15 on 6 July, and so forth for a complete of 98 by 12 months's end. The testbed, initially scheduled to final till 24 June, is extended until 10 September, after which 30 November. The first registrar to return on-line is Register.com on 7 June SETI@Home launches on 17 May and inside 4 weeks its distributed Internet clients present extra computing energy than probably the most highly effective supercomputer of its time (:par:) First massive-scale Cyberwar takes place concurrently with the battle in Serbia/Kosovo Abilene, the Internet2 community, reaches throughout the Atlantic and connects to NORDUnet and SURFnet The online turns into the focal level of British politics as an inventory of MI6 agents is launched on a UK Web site. Though forced to take away the listing from the location, it was too late because the listing had already been replicated throughout the online. (15 May) Activists Net-extensive target the world's monetary centers on 18 June, timed to coincide with the G8 Summit. Little precise impact is reported. MCI/Worldcom launches vBNS+, a commercialized version of vBNS focused at smaller academic and analysis establishments DoD points a memo requiring all US military programs to attach via NIPRNET, and never on to the Internet by 15 Dec 1999 (22 Aug) Somalia will get its first ISP - Olympic Computer (Sep) ISOC approves the formation of the Internet Societal Task Force (ISTF). Vint Cerf serves as first chair Free computer systems are all the rage (as long as you sign a long run contract for Net service) Country domains registered: Bangladesh (BD), Palestine (PS) vBNS reaches a hundred and one connections US$1M+ Domain Sales: enterprise.com (7.5M on 30 Nov), Wine.com (2.9M), Autos.com (2.2M), WallStreet.com (1M in Apr) RFC 2549: IP over Avian Carriers with Quality of Service RFC 2550: Y10K and Beyond RFC 2551: The Roman Standards Process -- Revision III RFC 2555: 30 Years of RFCs RFC 2626: The Internet and the Millennium Problem (Year 2000) Top 10 TLDs by Host #: com, net, edu, jp, uk, mil, us, de, ca, au Hacks of the Year: Star Wars (8 Jan), .tp (Jan), USIA (23 Jan), E-Bay (13 Mar), US Senate (27 May), NSI (2 Jul), Paraguay Gov't (20 Jul), AntiOnline (5 Aug), Microsoft (26 Oct), UK Railtrack (31 Dec) Technologies of the Year: E-Trade, Online Banking, MP3 Emerging Technologies: Net-Cell Phones, Thin Computing, Embedded Computing Viruses of the Year: Melissa (March), ExploreZip (June) 2000s

2000 The US timekeeper (USNO) and some different time providers all over the world report the new 12 months as 19100 on 1 Jan An enormous denial of service attack is launched towards major web pages, together with Yahoo, Amazon, and eBay in early February Web measurement estimates by NEC-RI and Inktomi surpass 1 billion indexable pages ICANN redelegates the .pn domain, returning it to the Pitcairn Island group (February) Internet2 backbone community deploys IPv6 (sixteen May) Various area identify hijackings took place in late May and early June, including internet.com, bali.com, and web.internet A testbed permitting the registration of domains in Chinese, Japanese, and Korean begins operation on 9 November. This testbed, created by VeriSign with out IETF authorization, only allows the second-level domain to be non-English, still forcing use of .com, .web, .org. The Chinese government blocks inside registrations, stating that registrations in Chinese are its sovereignty right ICANN selects new TLDs: .aero, .biz, .coop, .information, .museum, .title, .pro (16 Nov) Mexico's connection to Internet2 becomes absolutely operational as the California analysis network (CalREN-2) is linked with Mexico's Corporación Universitaria para el Desarrollo de Internet (CUDI) community. Though connected in November, the link's inauguration by California's Governor and Mexico's President was not until March of 2001. After months of authorized proceedings, the French court rules Yahoo! must block French customers from accessing hate memorabilia in its auction site (Nov). Given its inability to provide such a block on the web, Yahoo! removes these auctions totally (Jan 2001). The case is finally thrown out (Feb 2003). The European Commission contracts with a consortium of 30 national analysis networks for the event of Géant, Europe's new gigabit research network meant to reinforce the present functionality offered by TEN-155 (6 Nov) Australian government endorses the transfer of authority for the .au area to auDA (18 Dec). ICANN indicators over management to auDA on 26 Oct 2001. US$1M+ Domain Sales: AsSeenOnTV.com (5.1M) RFC 2795: The Infinite Monkey Protocol Suite Hacks of the Year: RSA Security (Feb), Apache (May), Western Union (Sep), Microsoft (Oct) Technologies of the Year: ASP, Napster Emerging Technologies: Wireless units, IPv6 Viruses of the Year: Love Letter (May) Lawsuits of the Year: Napster, DeCSS 2001 The first live distributed musical -- The Technophobe & The Madman -- over Internet2 networks debuts on 20 Feb VeriSign extends its multilingual area testbed to encompass numerous European languages (26 Feb), and later the total Unicode character set (5 Apr) opening up a lot of the world's languages Forwarding electronic mail in Australia becomes unlawful with the passing of the Digital Agenda Act, as it is seen as a technical infringement of personal copyright (four Mar) Radio stations broadcasting over the web go silent over actor royalty disputes (10 Apr) High colleges in five states (Michigan, Missouri, Oregon, Virginia, and Washington) become the primary to achieve Internet2 access US Dept of Commerce points a notice of intent on 6 April to show over administration for the .edu domain from VeriSign to Educause. Award agreement is reached on 29 October. Community colleges will finally be able to register under .edu Napster keeps discovering itself embroiled in litigation and is eventually pressured to suspend service; it comes back later in the 12 months as a subscription service European Council finalizes an international cybercrime treaty on 22 June and adopts it on 9 November. That is the first treaty addressing criminal offenses dedicated over the Internet. .biz and .info are added to the basis server on 27 June with registrations starting in July. .biz domain go dwell on 7 Nov. Afghanistan's Taliban bans Internet entry country-vast, together with from Government places of work, in an attempt to manage content material (13 Jul) Code Red worm and Sircam virus infiltrate thousands of net servers and email accounts, respectively, causing a spike in Internet bandwidth utilization and security breaches (July) A fireplace in a prepare tunnel running by means of Baltimore, Maryland critically damages varied fiber-optic cable bundles used by spine suppliers, disrupting Internet traffic within the Mid-Atlantic states and creating a ripple impact across the US (18 Jul) Brazil RNP2 is connected to Internet2's Abilene over 45Mbps line (21 Aug) GÉANT, the pan-European Gigabit Research and Education Network, turns into operational (23 Oct), replacing the TEN-155 network which was closed down (30 Nov) .museum begins resolving (Nov) First uncompressed actual-time gigabit HDTV transmission throughout a wide-area IP community takes place on Internet2 (12 Nov). Dutch SURFnet and Internet2's Abilene join by way of gigabit ethernet (15 Nov) .us area operational duty assumed by NeuStar (20 Nov) Email relay established by Sili Bank between Pyongyang, North Korea and Shenyang, China US$1M+ Domain Sales: Insure.com (16.M in Dec) RFC 3091: Pi Digit Generation Protocol RFC 3092: Etymology of "Foo" RFC 3093: Firewall Enhancement Protocol (FEP) Viruses of the Year: Code Red (Jul), Nimda (Sep), SirCam (Jul), BadTrans (Apr, Nov) Emerging Technologies: Grid Computing, P2P 2002 US ISP Association (USISPA) is created from the previous CIX (11 Jan) .name begins resolving (15 Jan) .coop registrations begin (30 Jan) Global Terabit Research Network (GTRN) is formed composed of two OC-forty eight 2.4GB circuits connecting Internet2 Abiline, CANARIE CA*net3, and GÉANT (18 Feb) .aero registrations begin 18 March and beings resolving 2 September Federally acknowledged US Indian tribes change into eligible to register beneath .gov (26 Apr) Hundreds of Internet radio stations observe a Day of Silence in protest of proposed song royalty fee will increase (1 May) The highest wi-fi network in the northeast US is deployed by this Timeline's author. The photo voltaic-powered community bridges Mounts Washington and Wildcat in New Hampshire Abilene (Internet2) spine deploys native IPv6 (5 Aug) The 69/8 IP vary is allocated to ARIN in August after having been in the bogon record; customers and servers assigned a 69/8 address find themselves blocked from many Internet websites Internet2 now has 200 university, 60 corporate, and forty affiliate members (2 Sep) Having your own Blog becomes hip Hundreds of Spain-based internet sites take their content offline in protest of a new law that took impact on 12 Oct requiring all business Web pages to register with the federal government A distributed denial of service (DDoS) assault struck the 13 DNS root servers knocking out all but 5 (21-23 Oct). Amidst national safety concerns, VeriSign hastens a planned relocation of one of its two DNS root servers A new US law creates a kids-safe "dot-children" area (kids.us) to be implemented in 2003 (3 Dec) The FBI groups up with Terras Lycos to disseminate digital wanted posts throughout the net portal's properties (11 Dec) RFC 3251: Electricity over IP RFC 3252: Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 2003 Public Interest Registry (PIR) takes over as .org registry operator on 1 Jan. Transition is completed on 27 Jan. By giving up .org, VeriSign is ready to retain control over .com domains The first official Swiss on-line election takes place in Anières (7 Jan) The registration for area ogrish.com is deleted (eleven Jan) by the German registrar Joker.com at the request of a German prosecutor claiming objectionable content material; the positioning nevertheless is hosted within the United States and complies with US legal guidelines. The SQL Slammer worm causes one in every of the most important and quickest spreading DDoS attacks ever. Taking roughly 10 minutes to spread worldwide, the worm took down 5 of the 13 DNS root servers along with tens of hundreds of other servers, and impacted a large number of systems starting from (financial institution) ATM techniques to air visitors control to emergency (911) programs (25 Jan). This is adopted in August by the Sobig.F virus (19 Aug), the fastest spreading virus ever, and the Blaster (MSBlast) worm (11 Aug), one other probably the most destructive worms ever Columbia University Professor Tim Wu coins the term Net Neutrality ok.root-servers.internet modifications to using nsd vs. bind to extend range of software in the basis name server system (19 Feb) .nl registrations open as much as anybody, together with people and foreigners (29 Jan); .se also opens up its registration in April. .af is redelegated on 8 Jan and becomes reside once again on 12 Feb with UNDP technical assistance. First domains are moc.gov.af and undp.org.af (15 Feb) .pro sunrise registration begins 23 Apr beneath .cpa.professional, .law.professional, .med.pro Flash mobs, organized over the online, start in New York and shortly form in cities worlwide Taxes make headlines as: bigger US Internet retailers start accumulating taxes on all purchases; some US states tax Internet bandwidth; and the EU requires all Internet firms to gather worth added tax (VAT) on digital downloads starting 1 July The French Ministry of Culture bans the use of the phrase "e-mail" by authorities ministries, and adopts the use of the more French sounding "courriel" (Jul) KRNIC begins providing Hangeul.kr domains (19 Aug) .kids.us sunrise registration begins 17 June and public registration on 9 Sep The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) sues 261 people on eight Sep for allegedly distributing copyright music information over peer-to-peer networks VeriSign deploys a wildcard service (Site Finder) into the .com and .web TLDs causing a lot confusion as URLs with invalid domains are redirected to a VeriSign web page (15 Sep). ICANN orders VeriSign to cease the service, which they adjust to on 4 Oct Last Abilene segment upgraded to 10Gbps (5 Nov) National LambdaRail introduced as a new US R&D networking infrastructure (16 Sep). The primary connection takes place between Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center (PSC) and Extensible Terascale Facility (ETF) in Chicago (18 Nov) Little GLORIAD (Global Ring Network for Advanced Application Development) begins operations (22 Dec), consisting of a networked ring across the northern hemisphere with connections in Chicago, Amsterdam, Moscow, Novosibirsk, Zabajkal'sk, Manzhouli, Beijing, and Hong Kong. This is the first-ever fiber community connections throughout the Russia-China border RFC 3514: The security Flag within the IPv4 Header (The Evil Bit) 2004 For the first time, there are extra cases of DNS root servers outdoors the US with the launch of an anycast instance of the RIPE NCC operated K-root server Abiline, the Internet2 spine, improve from 2.5Gbps to 10Gbps is completed (4 Feb) Thefacebook launches (4 Feb) Network Solutions begins providing a hundred yr area registration (24 Mar) One of many .ly nameservers stops responding (7 Apr) inflicting the opposite nameserver to go offline (9 Apr), making the area inaccessible. Service is restored 13 Apr ICANN authorizes new gTLDs: .asia, .cat, .jobs, .mobi, .tel, and .travel VeriSign Naming and Directory Service (VNDS) begins updating all thirteen .com/.internet authoritative title servers in near actual-time vs. twice each day (8 Sep) Lycos Europe releases a display saver to help struggle spam by preserving spam servers busy with requests (1 Dec). The service is discontinued inside just a few days after spine suppliers block entry to the download site and the service causes some servers to crash. Verizon begins blocking all email traffic from European ISPs on 22 Dec in an try to abate spam from the area into its US network CERNET2, the primary backbone IPv6 network in China, is launched by the China Education and Research Network (CERN) connecting 25 universities in 20 cities at speeds of 1-10Gbps (27 Dec) US$1M+ Domain Sales: CreditCards.com (2.75M) Emerging Technologies: Social networking, Web mashups RFC 3751: Omniscience Protocol Requirements 2005 .jobs, .mobi, and .travel begin accepting registrations .se turns into the first ccTLD to implement DNSSEC Estonia provides Internet voting nationally for local elections Pakistan suffers a close to complete Internet outage as a submarine cable turns into defective (Jun) Two feuding providers (Cogent, Level 3) sever their peering connection leading to many shoppers from one supplier not being able to access resources on the other's community (Oct) Number of Internet users reaches 1 Billion (Oct) .eu (European Union) launches on 7 Dec US$1M+ Domain Sales: Fish.com (1.02M) RFC 4041: Requirements for Morality Sections in Routing Area Drafts RFC 4042: UTF-9 and UTF-18 Efficient Transformation Formats of Unicode 2006 .cat registrations begin for Catalan-related domains Zimbabwe looses most of its Internet entry after its satellite tv for pc connectivity is minimize by the provider for non-cost ICANN lifts price controls on .biz, .info, and .org domain names, after the identical was executed for .internet in 2005, elevating fears of tiered pricing the place common domains would price more US Government prohibits non-public (anonymized) domain registrations for .us after 26 Jan First tweet is shipped out by Jack Dorsey (21 Mar) -- "just setting up my twttr" ICANN board votes against .xxx TLD (10 May), solely to approve it 5 years later The 6bone, an IPv6 testbed, is phased out after 10 years operation (6 Jun) .ax (Åland Islands) ccTLD comes into service on 15 Aug .cm registry implements wildcard domains redirecting all .com typos to its personal web page (Aug) Internet2 connectivity begins switching from Abilene to its new community (Nov) Internet connectivity to southeast Asia is severely limited after major fiber optic traces are severely broken by an earthquake in Taiwan and subsequent underwater muslides (Dec) North Korean email relay upgraded to an always-on connection US$1M+ Domain Sales: Sex.com (14M?), Diamond.com (7.5M), Vodka.com (3M), Cameras.com (1.5M) Emerging Technologies: Cloud computing 2007 ICANN drops .um domain name (US minor outlying islands) for lack of use (Jan) Estonia affords the first on-line national parliamentary elections on 26-28 Feb ICANN terminates RegisterFly.com's registrar standing on sixteen Mar (efficient 31 Mar) Internet2 site visitors within the Northeast US is disrupted on 1 May when a homeless man begins a fireplace below a Boston bridge causing a fiber break Use of #hashtag proposed by Tweeter consumer number 1,186, Chris Messina (23 Aug) Internet2's Abilene network is retired (Sep) as the last connections are switched over to the brand new Level three network Internet2 completes US East to West coast span of its 100GB/s community on 9 Oct .asia sunrise interval begins in October US$1M+ Domain Sales: Porn.com (9.5M), Computer.com (2.1M), Seniros.com (1.8M), Tandberg.com (1.5M), Scores.com, Vista.com (1.25M), Chinese.com (1.12M), Guy.com (1M), Topix.com (1M) RFC 4824: The Transmission of IP Datagrams over the Semaphore Flag Signaling System (SFSS) 2008 NASA successfully exams the first deep area communications community modeled on the internet, using the Disruption-Tolerant Networking (DTN) software program to transmit images to/from a science spacecraft ~20 million miles above Earth Google's crawler reaches 1 trillion pages, though solely a fraction are indexed by the search engine. For comparability, Google's unique index had 26 million pages in 1998, and reached 1 billion in 2000 The Middle East, India, and different parts of Africa and Asia see a significant degradation in Internet service, together with outages, after a number of undersea cables carrying Internet visitors to the region are reduce inside 1 week (Jan-Feb) IPv6 addresses are added for the primary time to six of the root zone servers (4 Feb) YouTube turns into unreacheable for a couple of hours after Pakistan Telecom starts an unauthorized announcement of YouTube's subnet prefix (24 Feb) US$1M+ Domain Sales: Fund.com (9.9M), Clothes.com (4.9M), Shopping.de (2.8M), Kredit.de (1.17M), Cruises.co.uk (1.09M), Invest.com (1.01M) RFC 5241: Naming Rights in IETF Protocols RFC 5242: A Generalized Unified Character Code: Western European and CJK Sections 2009 DNSSEC turns into operational on .gov (28 Feb), .org (2 Jun), .us (15 Dec) .tel registrations begin Bitcoins begin being minted US Department of Commerce relaxes management over ICANN, in favor of a multi-national oversight group Domain tasting will get severely curtailed after ICANN raises the 2008-introduced charge for erroneously registered domains from $0.20 to $6.95; domain kiting nonetheless conitnues Twitter is asked by the US Government to delay planned maintenance of its service on 15 June as a result of heavy use by Iranian customers throughout unrest in that nation .se domains grow to be unreachable for an hour on 12 Oct after an incorrectly configured software update modifies all registrations ICANN opens up functions for internationalized domain names (sixteen Nov) Crowdfunding becomes a popular technique of elevating startup funds; Kickstart based on April 28 Emerging Technologies: Location consciousness US$1M+ Domain Sales: Insure.com (16M in Oct), Toys.com (5.1M in Feb), Auction.com (1.7M in Mar), Candy.com (3M in Jun), Webcam.com (1.02M in Jun), Fly.com (1.76M), Call.com (1.1M in Sep), Ticket.com (1.53M in Oct), Russia.com (1.5M in Dec) RFC 5513: IANA Considerations for three Letter Acronyms RFC 5514: IPv6 over Social Networks 2010s

2010 Astronaut T.J. Creamer inaugurates the new International Space Station direct hyperlink to the Internet (aka Crew Support LAN) with a tweet (22 Jan) -- "Hello Twitterverse! We r now Live tweeting from the International Space Station -- the 1st reside tweet from Space! 🙂 More quickly, ship your ?s" A Chinese root DNS server is taken offline after disrupting some companies in Chile and US (Mar) Google pronounces on 22 January that along with 20+ different US companies, it had been the goal of a cyber attack originating in China, and on 22 March stops censoring its providers in China Google+ service launches in public beta on 28 June; surpasses 10M users in Jul 2011, 100M in Feb 2012, and 400M in Sep 2012 Root DNS zone digitally signed (DNSSEC) for first time (15 Jul) Variety of registered domain reach 200M (~ Aug) A BGP experiment between RIPE NCC and Duke U results in a partial Internet outage (27 Aug) US Senate authorizes US Dept of Homeland Security to grab domains of web sites suspected of piracy (Nov) Myanmar is briefly taken offline by a denial of service assault (Nov) Verisign introduced DNSSEC deployed to .internet (10 Dec) Photo-sharing sees a renewal with the launch of social-primarily based providers similar to Pinterest and Instagram US$1M+ Domain Sales: Poker.org (1M in Feb), Flying.com (1.1M in Apr), Photo.com (1.25M in May), Dating.com (1.75M in Jun), Slots.com (5.5M in Jun), fb.com (8.5M in Sep), Zip.com (1.6M in Oct), Sex.com (13M on 17 Nov) RFC 5841: TCP Option to denote Packet Mood 2011 LinkedIn reaches 100M users (Mar); surpasses 200M in Jan 2013 Egypt shuts down its final ISP on 31 Jan and stays offline for two days Number Resource Organization (NRO) declares full depletion of available IPv4 addresses free pool (3 Feb) US Dept of Homeland Defense seizes 10 domains, together with mistakenly mooo.com which hosted 84,000 web sites and stay unavailable for two days (eleven Feb) Internet site visitors in Lybia is significantly curtailed for several days in February APNIC releases last block of IPv4 tackle in its accessible pool (14 Apr) .xxx goes live in root servers (15 Apr) First non-Latin TLDs (IDN) are inserted into root zone (5 May): مصر (Egypt), السعودية (AlSaudiah), امارات (Emarat) Millions of .de domains unreachable for hours (12 May) World IPv6 Day is 8 June Number of Internet users reaches 2 Billion (Nov) US$1M+ Domain Sales: DomainName.com (1M in May), Social.com (2.6M in Jul), Box.com (1M in Jul) RFC 5984: Increasing Throughput in IP Networks with ESP-Based Forwarding: ESPBasedForwarding RFC 6214: Adaptation of RFC 1149 for IPv6 RFC 6217: Regional Broadcast Using an Atmospheric Link Layer 2012 ICANN begins accepting functions for new generic top-degree domains (gTLDs) on 12 Jan Facebook reaches 1 billion monthly lively customers (604M cellular) on 14 Sep @ 12:50pm PT, with 581M day by day on average Amazon turns into the biggest hosting location by variety of internet-dealing with computers (118k), knocking China Telecom from first place (116k) Canadian online sports activities gambling firm Bodog has its .com domain identify ceased by US Dept of Homeland Security, inflicting fear amongst international businesses that may be afoul of US legal guidelines and whose TLDs have US registries World IPv6 Launch is 6 June Minitel shuts down at the top of June GoDaddy service goes down, making hundreds of thousands of sites inaccessible for a number of hours (10 Sep) RIPE NCC distributes last blocks of IPv4 tackle space from out there pool (14 Sep) Twitter surpasses 200M lively users (Dec), and 500M tweets per day (Oct) NASA's Curiosity Rover checks-in on FourSquare from Mars (3 Oct) PKNIC is hacked and 284 Pakistani internet sites, including apple.pk and google.pk, appear defaced (24 Nov) Syria is disconnected from the Internet for two days (29 Nov - 1 Dec) "Gangnam Style" turns into the first YouTube video to succeed in 1 billion views (21 Dec) US$1M+ Domain Sales: PersonalLoans.com (1M in Feb), GiftCard.com (4M in Oct), Investing.com (2.45M in Dec) RFC 6592: The Null Packet RFC 6593: Service Undiscovery Using Hide-and-Go-Seek for the Domain Pseudonym System (DPS) 2013 Netflix and YouTube account for over 50% of Internet visitors measured by bytes New gTLDs added to area identify root zone (24 Oct): شبكة (internet), онлайн (online), сайт (site), and 游戏 (game) US National Security Agency (NSA) is revealed to be accumulating considerable extra Internet information than beforehand thought, together with encrypted information from major Internet sites Yahoo hacked with credentials of 3 billion accounts stolen, not discovered until years later US$1M+ Domain Sales: ig.com (4.7M in Sep), 114.com (2.1M in Jul), ebet.com (1.35M in Oct), kk.com (2.4M in Nov) RFC 6919: Further Key Words to be used in RFCs to point Requirement Levels RFC 6921: Design Considerations for Faster-Than-Light (FTL) Communication The variety of Internet hosts surpass 1billion (see chart under) 2014 A lot of the Internet traffic in China is redirected to US-based mostly Dynamic Internet Technology for over an hour (21 Jan) Registration begins for the primary few of tons of new Latin gTLDs, including .guru, .bike, .clothes, .holdings, .ventures, .singles, and .plumbing (29 Jan) .py ccTLD hacked -- full whois registry knowledge leaked and domains redirected (e.g., google.com.py) (20 Feb) The number of Web servers surpass 1billion (see chart beneath) ICANN broadcasts that it has begun allocating the remaining IPv4 addresses to the 5 regional Internet registries after LACNIC's supply dropped to under 8 million (20 May) After an EU court ruling requiring Google to honor "requests to be forgotten", 12,000 requests are submitted in the first day (30 May) Many networks are taken offline on account of a Verizon glitch introducing 1000's of new prefixes into the worldwide routing desk, inflicting common but unpatched Cisco routers to reach their 512,000 restrict and crash (12 Aug) RFC 7168: The Hyper Text Coffee Pot Control Protocol for Tea Efflux Appliances (HTCPCP-TEA) RFC 7169: The NSA (No Secrecy Afforded) Certificate Extension Hacks of the Year: Sony Pictures, Home Depot, JP Morgan, eBay Bugs of the yr: Heartbleed (Dec 2011 - 7 Apr), Poodle (Nov 1996 - 14 Oct), Shellshock (Sep 1989 - 24 Sep) ICANN domain public sale gross sales (US$): .tech (6.76M), .realty (5.59M), .salon (5.1M), .buy (4.6M), .mls (3.359M), .baby (3.09M), .vip (3M), .spot (2.2M) US$1M+ Domain Sales: mm.com (1.2M in Jul), sex.xxx (3M in Jun), medicare.com (4.8M in May), mi.com (3.6M in Apr), 37.com (1.96M in Mar), youxi.com (2.43M in Mar), whisky.com (3.1M in Jan) 2015 A Georgian scavenging for copper cuts off a lot of the Internet in neighbouring Armenia when her spade slices a buried cable (28 Mar) Largest TLDs by zone size as of 2Q: .com, .tk, .de, .internet, .cn, .uk, .org, .ru, .nl, .info Largest ccTLDs by zone measurement as of 2Q: .tk, .de, .cn, .uk, .ru, .nl, .eu, .br, .au, .fr HTTP header "X-Clacks-Overhead: GNU Terry Pratchett" is served by ~84,000 websites (Jun) 3 months after Sir Pratchett's loss of life Let's Encrypt holds key ceremony to generate the basis key and middleman certificates for its free certificate authority (4 Jun) and issues the primary certificate for helloworld.letsencrypt.org on 14 Sep U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) net neutrality rule takes impact (12 Jun) ARIN activates IPv4 Unmet Requests policy, rejecting an IPv4 block request for the primary time (1 Jul). ARIN's free pool depletes on 24 Sep. Out of one hundred billion month-to-month Google searches, these from mobile devices surpass desktops for the primary time 1 billion users (1 in 7 people on Earth) access Facebook on a single day (24 Aug) IANA designates .onion a special use domain for anonymous hidden providers on the Tor network (9 Sep) WordPress powers 25% of websites as of early November Most of the interior Internet connectivity in Azerbaijan is lost on account of a hearth in a telecommunications facility (sixteen Nov) RFC 7511: Scenic Routing for IPv6 RFC 7514: Really Explicit Congestion Notification (RECN) Hacks of the Year: US Office of Personnel Management, Ashley Madison, Anthem, T-Mobile, IRS ICANN area auction sales (US$): .app (25M), .accommodations (2.2M), .ping (1.5M) US$1M+ Domain Sales: Porno.com (8.8M in Feb), PX.com (1M in Sep), 588.com (1M in Sep) 2016 Internet Society celebrates 25th anniversary (1 Jan) Let's Encrypt points millionth certificate (8 Mar), 2M (21 Apr), 10M (9 Sep), 20M (27 Nov) ICANN introduces 1000th gTLD from 2012 application window (25 May) United Nations Human Rights Council adopts a resolution on the promotion, protection and enjoyment of human rights on the internet (27 Jun) A California District Court Judge grants a movement for what is thought to be the primary permitted serving of a lawsuit by way of Twitter (30 Sep) DDoS assaults wreak havoc throughout the Internet with some topping over 1Tbps in bandwidth and powered by over 150,000 hacked Internet units Several prominent Internet websites become unreacheable as domain infrastructure provider Dyn is knocked offline by a DDoS assault (21 Oct) IPv6 reaches 10% deployment globally, and turns into the dominant (>50%) Internet protocol for US cellular networks Coordination and administration of the Internet's unique identifiers transition to the non-public sector because the IANA contract between ICANN and the US Dept of Commerce's NTIA expires (1 Oct) Yahoo discloses 500 million accounts compromised in 2014 (22 Sep) and that 1 billion accounts were compromised in Aug 2013 (14 Dec) .cn surpasses .tk in ccTLD zone dimension Annual global IP site visitors surpasses 1 zettabyte US$1M+ Domain Sales: HG.com (3.7M in Nov), Vivo.com (2.1M in Nov), Jade.com (1.25M in Jul), LA.com (1.2M in May) 2017 IETF enters into an settlement with the National Library of Sweden for archival of RFC sequence in NLS' bunker (16 Jan) Dozens of politically motivated Internet shutdowns occur globally including in Cameroon (Jan-Apr), Togo (Sep), and Equatorial Guinea (Nov) (:db1:) Average quantity of encrypted traffic on Firefox surpasses the average unencrypted quantity (Feb) and reaches 66% by year finish dmoz.org, an early web listing, shuts down after 19 years (17 Mar) AfriNIC is the final Regional Internet Registry to run out of IPv4 addresses (Apr) WannaCry ransomware assault spreads to over a hundred and fifty countries (12 May) IPv6 connectivity marketed by 9M domains and 23% of all networks Let's Encrypt reaches 100M certificates milestone (28 Jun) A safety researcher is able to "hijack" the .io TLD by registering expired nameserver domains (5 Jul) W3C announced publication of Encrypted Media Extensions, an online-based mostly digital-rights administration functionality, resulting in the primary appeal request in its history (6 Jul) Equifax credit score company discovers a breach of its programs that resulted in the disclosure of sensitive information on 145M+ folks (29 Jul) Facebook and different social media companies are found to have been used by foreign governments to influence elections within the U.S. and other international locations Google leaks 160,000 BGP routes in Chicago with 25,000+ of them for NTT OCN enormously impacting Internet visitors in Japan (25 Aug) Hurricanes knock out Internet service to Puerto Rico and other Caribbean islands for prolonged intervals (Aug-Sep) Russia proclaims plans to develop a backup DNS system for use by BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa) to be carried out within one yr Zimbabwe loses most of its Internet entry for a number of hours as a result of simultaneous outages at two principal international providers, including a tractor fiber minimize in South Africa (5 Dec) IP addresses for Google, Facebook, Apple, and others, are re-routed to Russian provider Megafon when certainly one of its transit suppliers leak route information to the global Internet (12 Dec) U.S. FCC votes to repeal internet neutrality (14 Dec) AOL Instant Messenger (Aim) and CompuServe Forums stop service after 20+ years (15 Dec) U.S. Library of Congress broadcasts it'll stop archiving every tweet at yr end Facebook reaches 2 billion active month-to-month users, YouTube 1.5B, WhatsApp 1.2B, WeChat 889M, Instagram 700M, Twitter 330M Number of area identify registrations throughout all TLDs surpasses 330M, with 130M in .com, 145M across ccTLDs, and 21M across new gTLDs, as of 3Q Largest TLDs by zone dimension as of 3Q: .com, .cn, .tk, .de, .internet, .uk, .org, .ru, .information, .nl Largest ccTLDs by zone dimension as of 3Q: .cn, .tk, .de, .uk, .ru, .nl, .br, .eu, .au, .fr Largest new world TLD (ngTLDs) as of 3Q: .xyz, .mortgage, .high, .win, .club, .online, .vip, .wang, .bid, .site RFC 8135: Complex Addressing in IPv6 RFC 8136: Additional Transition Functionality for IPv6 RFC 8140: The Arte of ASCII: Or, An True and Accurate Representation of an Menagerie of Thynges Fabulous and Wonderful in Ye Forme of Character US$1M+ Domain Sales: Fly.com (2.89M in May), ETH.com (2M in Oct), Freedom.com (2M in May), 01.com (1.82M in Feb), 20.com (1.75M in Apr), MyWorld.com (1.2M in Oct)

In the event you benefit from the Timeline or make use of it indirectly, please let me know. Growth

Early Internet growth: Date Hosts | Date Hosts Networks Domains ----- --------- + ----- --------- -------- --------- 12/sixty nine 4 | 07/89 130,000 650 3,900 06/70 9 | 10/89 159,000 837 10/70 11 | 10/ninety 313,000 2,063 9,300 12/70 13 | 01/91 376,000 2,338 04/71 23 | 07/91 535,000 3,086 16,000 10/seventy two 31 | 10/91 617,000 3,556 18,000 01/seventy three 35 | 01/ninety two 727,000 4,526 06/74 62 | 04/ninety two 890,000 5,291 20,000 03/77 111 | 07/ninety two 992,000 6,569 16,300 12/79 188 | 10/92 1,136,000 7,505 18,one hundred 08/81 213 | 01/ninety three 1,313,000 8,258 21,000 05/82 235 | 04/ninety three 1,486,000 9,722 22,000 08/83 562 | 07/ninety three 1,776,000 13,767 26,000 10/eighty four 1,024 | 10/ninety three 2,056,000 16,533 28,000 10/eighty five 1,961 | 01/94 2,217,000 20,539 30,000 02/86 2,308 | 07/ninety four 3,212,000 25,210 46,000 11/86 5,089 | 10/ninety four 3,864,000 37,022 56,000 12/87 28,174 | 01/ninety five 4,852,000 39,410 71,000 07/88 33,000 | 07/95 6,642,000 61,538 120,000 10/88 56,000 | 01/96 9,472,000 93,671 240,000 01/89 80,000 | 07/96 12,881,000 134,365 488,000 | 01/97 16,146,000 828,000 | 07/97 19,540,000 1,301,000 Hosts = a computer system with registered ip tackle (an A record) Networks = registered class A/B/C addresses Domains = registered domain identify (with name server report) Figure: Internet Domains (1989-1997) [see beneath for 2000-] Figure: Internet Networks Worldwide Networks Growth: (I)nternet (B)ITNET (U)UCP (F)IDONET (O)SI ____# Countries____ ____# Countries____ Date I B U F O Date I B U F O ----- --- --- --- --- --- ----- --- --- --- --- --- 09/91 31 forty seven 79 49 02/94 sixty two 51 125 88 31 12/91 33 46 78 53 07/94 75 52 129 89 31 02/92 38 46 92 63 11/ninety four eighty one fifty one 133 95 -- 04/92 40 47 90 sixty six 25 02/ninety five 86 48 141 98 -- 08/92 forty nine 46 89 67 26 06/ninety five 96 47 144 99 -- 01/93 50 50 a hundred and one 72 31 06/96 134 -- 146 108 -- 04/93 56 fifty one 107 seventy nine 31 07/ninety seven 171 -- 147 108 -- 08/ninety three fifty nine fifty one 117 eighty four 31 Figure: Worldwide Networks Growth Domain Name Registrations: Figure: Domain Name Registrations (2000-) Internet Hosts: Figure: Internet Hosts

click on right here for a chart showing the logarithmic development of the Internet WWW Growth: Figure: WWW Growth

click on here for a chart showing the logarithmic development of the Websites = Number of net servers (one host could have multiple websites by utilizing different domains or port numbers) Notes on causes of signifant increases/drops: - Feb'09 enhance possible resulting from 20M new Chinese sites served by qq.com - Aug'09 drop doubtless attributable to domain expiry at the Planet, together with 5M .pl domains served from one IP alleged to be a linkfarm - Jan'10 drop doubtless attributable to qq.com blogs no longer being publically listed - Jul-Aug'12 drop attributable to elimination of several wildcard hostnames with comparable content material - Sep'12 drop attributable to massive community of linkfarmed domains disappearing from below the .com TLD - Nov'14-Jan'15 drop largely caused by parked websites, with half attributed to a single IP ceasing to host them Facebook Growth: Figure: Facebook Accounts / Monthly Active Users (MAUs) USENET Growth: Date Sites ~MB ~Posts Groups | Date Sites ~MB ~Posts Groups ---- ----- --- ------ ------ + ---- ------- --- ------ ------ 1979 three 2 three | 1987 5,200 2 957 259 1980 15 10 | 1988 7,800 four 1933 381 1981 a hundred and fifty 0.05 20 | 1990 33,000 10 4,500 1,300 1982 400 35 | 1991 40,000 25 10,000 1,851 1983 600 one hundred twenty | 1992 63,000 forty two 17,556 4,302 1984 900 225 | 1993 110,000 70 32,325 8,279 1985 1,300 1.Zero 375 | 1994 180,000 157 72,755 10,696 1986 2,200 2.0 946 241 | 1995 330,000 586 131,614 ~ approximate: MB - megabytes per day, Posts - articles per day Security (CERT/US-CERT) Stats: Date Incidents Advisories Vulnerabilities Tech Alerts ---- --------- ---------- --------------- ----------- 1988 6 1 1989 132 7 1990 252 12 1991 406 23 1992 773 21 1993 1,334 19 1994 2,340 15 1995 2,412 18 171 1996 2,573 27 345 1997 2,134 28 311 1998 3,734 13 262 1999 9,859 17 417 2000 21,756 22 774 2001 52,658 37 2,437 2002 82,094 37 4,129 2003 137,529 28 3,784 2004 3,780 27 2005 5,990 22 2006 8,064 39 2007 7,236 42 2008Q1-three 6,058 29 Hobbes' Internet Timeline FAQ

1. How do I get Hobbes' Internet Timeline? The Timeline is archived at http://www.zakon.org/robert/web/timeline/. There aren't any authorized mirrors for the Timeline. 2. Is the Timeline accessible in other languages or editions? Chinese (Big5) by Tony Mao French by Didier Mainguy German by Michael Kaul Hungarian by Zsolt Boros Japanese (PDF) by Katsunori Tanaka Korean by Keonho Lee, KNIC Persian / Farsi (PDF) by Rahi Moosavi Portuguese by Simone Villas Boas If you're desirous about translating to another language or format, email me first 3. Can I re-print the Timeline or use parts of it for ... ? Drop me an e-mail. The answer is probably (although don't assume) 'yes' for non-revenue use, and 'possibly' for for-profit; but to make certain you are not going to break any copyright laws, drop me an e mail and wait for a reply. Also, please notice that I get a bunch of requests with improperly formatted return email addresses. If you don't hear from me in per week (typical flip around is < 1 hour), check your header and email again. BTW, don't forget to tell me who you are, your affiliation and how you plans to use the Timeline; anonymous copyright requests will not be granted.

 Hobbes' Internet Timeline was compiled from a number of sources, with some of the stand-outs being: Cerf, Vinton (as told to Bernard Aboba). "How the Internet Came to Be." This article appears in "The Online User's Encyclopedia," by Bernard Aboba. Addison-Wesley, 1993. Hardy, Henry. "The History of the Net." Master's Thesis, School of Communications, Grand Valley State University. online xxx Hardy, Ian. "The Evolution of ARPANET email." History Thesis, UC Berkeley. online xxx Hauben, Ronda and Michael. "The Netizens and the Wonderful World of the Net." xxx online Kulikowski, Stan II. "A Timeline of Network History." (author's email below) Quarterman, John. "porn xxx tub." Bedford, MA: Digital Press. 1990 "ARPANET, the Defense Data Network, and Internet". Encyclopedia of Communications, Volume 1. Editors: Fritz Froehlich, Allen Kent. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc. 1991 Internet growth summary compiled from: - Zone program reports maintained by Mark Lottor at Note: A more accurate host counting mechanism was used starting with 1/98 count. Now available at: http://www.isc.org - Connectivity table maintained by Larry Landweber at: ftp://ftp.cs.wisc.edu/connectivity_table/ - ARPAnet maps published in various sources Domain name registrations compiled from Verisign reports. WWW growth summary compiled from: - Web growth summary page by Matthew Gray of MIT: http://www.mit.edu/people/mkgray/net/web-growth-summary.html - Netcraft at http://www.netcraft.com/survey/ USENET growth summary compiled from Quarterman and Hauben sources above, and news.lists postings. Lots of historical USENET postings also provided by Tom Fitzgerald (fitz@wang.com). CERT growth summary compiled from CERT reports at ftp://ftp.cert.org/ CERT stats are also now being made available by CERT at http://www.cert.org/stats/cert_stats.html Many of the URLs provided by Arnaud Dufour (arnaud.dufour@hec.unil.ch) Country-specific Internet Histories: - Australia - "Origins and Nature of the Internet in Australia " by Roger Clarke http://www.rogerclarke.com/II/OzI04.html - Australia - "It Started with a Ping" by Jennie Sinclair http://www.anu.edu.au/people/Roger.Clarke/II/Anniv.html - Finland - "History of the Internet in Finland" http://www.isoc.fi/internet/internethistory_finland.html - Russia - "Chronology of the Russian Internet: 1990-1999" http://www.zhurnal.ru/staff/gorny/texts/ru_let/ - UK - "Early Experiences with the ARPANET and INTERNET in the UK" by Peter Kirstein http://nrg.cs.ucl.ac.uk/internet-history.html Additional books of interest: - "How the Web Was Born - The Story of the World Wide Web" by James Gillies and Robert Cailliau - "Weaving the Web : The Original Design and Ultimate Destiny of the World Wide Web by its Inventor" by Tim Berners-Lee - "Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins of the Internet" by Katie Hafner & Matthew Lyon - "Nerds 2.0.1: A Brief History of the Internet" by Stephen Segaller - "Architects of the Web: 1,000 Days That Built the Future of Business" by Robert H. Reid - "Netizens: On the History and Impact of Usenet and the Internet" by Michael Hauben et al - "Exploring the Internet: A Technical Travelogue" by Carl Malamud Early works of interest: - "As We May Think" by Vannevar Bush, 1945 http://www.theatlantic.com/unbound/flashbks/computer/bushf.htm - "Man-Computer Symbiosis" by J.C.R. Licklider, 1960 http://apotheca.hpl.hp.com/ftp/pub/DEC/SRC/research-reports/abstracts/src-rr-061.html --- Contributors to Hobbes' Internet Timeline have their initials next to the contributed items in the form (:zzz:) and are: ad1 - Arnaud Dufour amk - Alex McKenzie bb1 - Billy Brackenridge bt1 - Brad Templeton clg - C. Lee Giles db1 - Dave Belson dhr - David H. Rothman dk1 - Daniel Karrenberg ec1 - Eric Carroll esr - Eric S. Raymond feg - Farrell E. Gerbode gb1 - Gordon Bell gck - Gary C. Kessler glg - Gail L. Grant gmc - Grant McCall gst - Graham Thomas irh - Ian R Hardy jap - Jean Armour Polly jg1 - Jim Gaynor jtl - Jon Leighton kf1 - Ken Fockler kf2 - Kinming Fung lb1 - Larry Backman lhl - Larry H. Landweber mpc - Mellisa P. Chase msb - Majorie S. Blumenthal msh - Michael S. Hart par - Pierre A Renaud pb1 - Paul Burchard pds - Peter da Silva ph1 - Peter Hoffman rab - Roger A. Bielefeld rm1 - Rahi Moosavi sc1 - Susan Calcari sk2 - Stan Kulikowski - see sources section sw1 - Stephen Wolff tb1 - Tim Burress tp1 - Tim Pozar vgc - Vinton Cerf - see sources section wz1 - W. Zorn zby - Zenel Batagelj Archive-name: Hobbes' Internet Timeline Version: 25 Archive-location: http://www.zakon.org/robert/internet/timeline/ Last-updated: 1 January 2018 Maintainer: Robert H'obbes' Zakon, timeline@Zakon.org, www.Zakon.org Description: An Internet timeline highlighting some of the key events and technologies that helped shape the Internet as we know it today.

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